Internet Service and its Nature
Attributes, what makes communication by computers work, looking at a brief insight of Dialup, DSL, Cable, Line of sight and direct ISP services. This will not cover wireless service providers, such as plugging in a cell phone to the computer.
What is D S L? DSL is an acronym for Digital Subscriber Line. DSL is seen a faster more stable connection that is made available over telephone lines. Using the same traditional wired telephone connections DSL in turns uses the same line to send electric digital pulses to a switching mechanism known to most as a modem then to the device such as a router and or computer.
As a DSL subscriber, household or business would subscribe to this service form a local provider, the phone company in most cases. The provider then acts as the connection to the worldwide web. The provider is most commonly referred to as the ISP (Internet Service Provider).
How it Works
The subscriber makes a request form their computer it then travels through a traditional phone line to the ISP. From the service provider your request is then sent out over a Wide Area Network (WAN) to its destination gathers the request and sends it back to you in the opposite direction. The services are still an analog system that converts the voice signals into an electrical signal and transfer that back and forth. Typically traditional phones do not utilize the full amount of the signals (Bandwidth) that are available and as a result the maximum speeds that you can get using a dial-up connection are only about 128 Kbps. A DSL modem takes the analog signals and converts them into digital signals or bits. Therefore they can transfer higher bandwidth of data by using the modulation and demodulation processes.
DSL v’s Phone Dial up
Speed matters when working from a computer, frustrating enough is trying to work on a research project and the item you are searching for takes 15 minutes to show up. 128 Kbps is a high norm for dialup. With a DSL services a range of 3 Megs is normal. In comparison DSL is lighting fast.
Disadvantages are present in everything. In this case download speeds are fast however in the broadband world upload speeds are slow. This is a trait that all service providers have. One inherently disadvantages that DSL customers face is the distance between the customer and the ISP location. Because signals are sent over wire transmission strength is lost every so many feet. Thus explaining one example of the slower speeds, speed variation can happen in any services as well; this could be referred to as a flap. Every so many miles of transmission lines a node (repeater) is placed modulating the signal. Variants including amount of users are online, weather related and or non-working nodes can prove disappointment in customer service. Line technicians are sent in these cases to adjust and or replace non-working modulators, (repeater nodes).
DSL v’s Cable v’s Direct to Satellite v’s Line of Site
Cable Company that provides Television signals to the home can also provide over the same cable lines Internet services. Explained in the previous paragraphs, the cable company uses existing wires or in this case round braded coax cable, unlike the flat twisted copper wire that is used with phone and DSL.
Just like DSL nodes (repeaters) are used to modulate signal strength so when 100 devices are running at the same time on one neighborhood in theory the same constant signal strength as expected is being provided to the customer.
Cable companies and phone companies have discovered that along the same hard wire is a varying cornucopia of bandwidth that had been unused. Bandwidth is the rate a signal analog or digital can be sent over hardwire. This allowed both phone companies and cablevision companies to become an internet provider without replacing transmission lines.
The real trick is to ask or test the area that you are in as a potential customer for either service. For example; what speeds will the cable company provide verses the DSL service? As was stated earlier speed does matter. DSL may not be available in your area because of the outdated service equipment or a DSL repeater hasn’t been installed in the neighborhood. Then on the other hand Cable might not be available, so a direct link to a satellite dish may be the answer.
Line of site offers a limited advantage to the others mentioned. While depending on the topography of the area such as trees, tall buildings and hills and of course if it is offered in tour area line of site is an inexpensive fast alternative to DSL, Cable, Dialup, and Direct. The direct line of site is the fastest wireless service available in today’s market. The disadvantage is as with any provider is that not everyone can get these services as well. The compared rate of speed is similar to a T1 connection At about 1.544 Mbps so I am told. T1 lines are expensive and a typical T3 which is like 28 T1 lines compiled and is considered a dedicated line. This service is of course more than the average homeowner can afford with prices upwards over a thousand dollars a month.
In Review
Dialup is slow, however if an occasional visit to the web is needed its okay. It provides about 128 Kbps of varied services. DSL when provided can deliver 256 kbps up to 40MBitps. Cable providers have a variety of data packages that they can provide, typically 5 Megs to 100 Megabits of data transfer, yes that’s a lot faster than kilobits’. A one Gig line is not unheard of now days, some cable companies do provide this service under the business package for their customers however many would love to take advantage of a 1 Gig service a 10 to 50 Meg connection is a good alternative standard. Direct Satellite services are used mostly in rural areas where Cable and DSL are not provided. It has been proven to be slow and cumbersome in its history. With a combination of a phone service, dialup and a down link via satellite made for a workable solution to just having a dialup service. Requesting info was slow however retrieval of the information was fast. With a dish in present days it is capable of two way signal transmission within one dish unit and receiver. The drawback is trees buildings and the topography of where the services would be provided. Note always before one buys anything, it would be wise to look at these four alternatives before making a decision. Base your decision on what is available in your area cost and speed.
Just a note:
The US and its infrastructure are behind the European market in telecommunications area. Not for the lack of science, however for the infrastructure we do have has been established longer, and proves to be still working without the expense of making the market more modern compliant. Earlier in the present administration the nation seemed to want to cross some barriers of what worked so well for so many years suddenly the US had to change and update the Broadcasting signals from analog to digital. Although this stimulated the TV market sells for a short time. This ploy greatly benefited the overseas Flat screen and digital component makers while Americans continue to struggle to support themselves.
By Kenneth A Brewer Composed and Copy righted © 10/20/2011 revised 02/04/2012
Sunday, February 5, 2012
Thursday, January 19, 2012
Distributed System by Defining its Properties © 11/12/2011
Introduction: To define and explain a distributed system by defining it properties
Within the system is found single entities which survive on its own with its individual capabilities and components that make up its own properties however it has the capabilities to communicate with others alike by passing messages from point to point. The system and all the single entities maintain one common goal, which is to work together for a relative commonality yet still work independently of one another.
The attribute of this article is to explain two broad distributed system models and defining their properties.
There are two principal reasons for using distributed systems. Firstly, the very nature of the application may necessitate the use of a communication network that links several computers.
Secondly is a network capable computer that works individually, independently working off the network however still benefiting in practical on the network scenarios.
A distributed system is beneficially more reliable more cost effective and can obtain a healthy level of performance by using a collection of numerous low-end computers, in comparison with a single high-end computer.
The hybrid distributed system or a monolithic uniprocessor system and otherwise known as a Fault tolerant cell array. Which is a system containing an array of computers with individual aspects. Supper fast multithreading and multi core processers running servile programs at the same time, less bottlenecks and it will support massive parallel data processing architectures into a single monolithic entity.
The workstation server
A server is an application or device that performs service for connected clients as part of client server architecture. It can also be a computer system that has been designated for running a specific server application. A server can also serve applications to users on an intranet. (Compair, 2011)
Servers will keep files organized and provide applications and share points, and connect those in the system to the internet.
Workstations themselves are typically designed for specific high-end computers found in graphics design, audio and video editing typically speaking.
A typical organization such as the Government will have a large number of computer workstations, laptops and client desktops dispersed over wide geographical area and bridging across the globe. The premise would be to have each unit configured with an operating system that may include similar and dissimilar features hardware and software configurations pending on the geographical area in which the unit would be deployed with one or more common applications that will interact with the main entity (the server) by using the World Wide Web or an Intranet.
The providing advantages the implementations of multiple unites spread across the globe allows information to be gathered from each location and transmitted back to the main server.
Processer Pool
The shared processer pool allows an assigned partial partition to a specific user or group of users. This concept is done through the logical makeup of a server or server array. These processes can also be implemented logically into a global distribution system also. Commonly could be labeled as a Share drive and or server where one or more drive partitions in a single drive or physical drives are assigned. Each group or single unit will be allocated to that assigned space. Assigned logical partitions are basically configured shared processor pools. You can assign a logical partition to a shared processor pool at the time that you create the logical partition, or by reassigning existing logical partitions.
Common workload issues
IBM has been powering processer pools for a long time since the POWER5 and now POWER6 processors came along. They were designed to handle multiple shared processor pools. Unlike UNIX and some other distributed systems are likely dedicated to single applications, designed to handle the demand of high and low peaks of services or common workload. Units using the pooling system will take advantage of having less traffic throughout its connection to the server so the only high demand will be among those using that partition. By creating separate shared-processor pools and putting the applications that have the same or similar software needs together provides a differential licensing-cost reduction. They allow greater control of the percentage of processor resources. They can be used to isolate the resources that are available to the units within the shared pools. They also can be used to separate workloads.
Maintenance and security can be most difficult and make things seem like having multitudes of units a disadvantage. Within a closed system or an open system such as globally deployed units the security risks are high, granting the open units security is higher. The obvious disadvantages of this type are replacements, problematic fixes, enforcing codes, updates, viruses, and things like theft. All of the disadvantages can be addressed and remedied by implementing policy, secure logon apps like “Smart off” and “Tokens”, and general operating and security classes by addressing proper behavioral aspects needed while using all government computers.
This is primarily used in high work load operations whereas many are in the same organization yet having different jobs with all the information leading back to a main controlled server. Nodes may makeup in part of any type of server along with separate nodes known as print servers.
The needs the wants and the things that are deployed into a system great or small are allocated by the nature or environment of which a system will operate.
Works Cited
Compair. (2011). Retrieved 11 18, 2011, from Diffen: http://www.diffen.com/difference
Andrew Tanenbaum. (2007). Distributed Systems. Upper Saddle Rive, NJ, USA: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Tony Sintes. (2002, 08 23). App server, Web server: What's the difference? Retrieved 11 18, 2011, from JavaWorld.com, 08/23/02: http://www.javaworld.com/javaqa/2002-08/01-qa-0823-appvswebserver.html?page=2
Within the system is found single entities which survive on its own with its individual capabilities and components that make up its own properties however it has the capabilities to communicate with others alike by passing messages from point to point. The system and all the single entities maintain one common goal, which is to work together for a relative commonality yet still work independently of one another.
The attribute of this article is to explain two broad distributed system models and defining their properties.
There are two principal reasons for using distributed systems. Firstly, the very nature of the application may necessitate the use of a communication network that links several computers.
Secondly is a network capable computer that works individually, independently working off the network however still benefiting in practical on the network scenarios.
A distributed system is beneficially more reliable more cost effective and can obtain a healthy level of performance by using a collection of numerous low-end computers, in comparison with a single high-end computer.
The hybrid distributed system or a monolithic uniprocessor system and otherwise known as a Fault tolerant cell array. Which is a system containing an array of computers with individual aspects. Supper fast multithreading and multi core processers running servile programs at the same time, less bottlenecks and it will support massive parallel data processing architectures into a single monolithic entity.
The workstation server
A server is an application or device that performs service for connected clients as part of client server architecture. It can also be a computer system that has been designated for running a specific server application. A server can also serve applications to users on an intranet. (Compair, 2011)
Servers will keep files organized and provide applications and share points, and connect those in the system to the internet.
Workstations themselves are typically designed for specific high-end computers found in graphics design, audio and video editing typically speaking.
A typical organization such as the Government will have a large number of computer workstations, laptops and client desktops dispersed over wide geographical area and bridging across the globe. The premise would be to have each unit configured with an operating system that may include similar and dissimilar features hardware and software configurations pending on the geographical area in which the unit would be deployed with one or more common applications that will interact with the main entity (the server) by using the World Wide Web or an Intranet.
The providing advantages the implementations of multiple unites spread across the globe allows information to be gathered from each location and transmitted back to the main server.
Processer Pool
The shared processer pool allows an assigned partial partition to a specific user or group of users. This concept is done through the logical makeup of a server or server array. These processes can also be implemented logically into a global distribution system also. Commonly could be labeled as a Share drive and or server where one or more drive partitions in a single drive or physical drives are assigned. Each group or single unit will be allocated to that assigned space. Assigned logical partitions are basically configured shared processor pools. You can assign a logical partition to a shared processor pool at the time that you create the logical partition, or by reassigning existing logical partitions.
Common workload issues
IBM has been powering processer pools for a long time since the POWER5 and now POWER6 processors came along. They were designed to handle multiple shared processor pools. Unlike UNIX and some other distributed systems are likely dedicated to single applications, designed to handle the demand of high and low peaks of services or common workload. Units using the pooling system will take advantage of having less traffic throughout its connection to the server so the only high demand will be among those using that partition. By creating separate shared-processor pools and putting the applications that have the same or similar software needs together provides a differential licensing-cost reduction. They allow greater control of the percentage of processor resources. They can be used to isolate the resources that are available to the units within the shared pools. They also can be used to separate workloads.
Maintenance and security can be most difficult and make things seem like having multitudes of units a disadvantage. Within a closed system or an open system such as globally deployed units the security risks are high, granting the open units security is higher. The obvious disadvantages of this type are replacements, problematic fixes, enforcing codes, updates, viruses, and things like theft. All of the disadvantages can be addressed and remedied by implementing policy, secure logon apps like “Smart off” and “Tokens”, and general operating and security classes by addressing proper behavioral aspects needed while using all government computers.
This is primarily used in high work load operations whereas many are in the same organization yet having different jobs with all the information leading back to a main controlled server. Nodes may makeup in part of any type of server along with separate nodes known as print servers.
The needs the wants and the things that are deployed into a system great or small are allocated by the nature or environment of which a system will operate.
Works Cited
Compair. (2011). Retrieved 11 18, 2011, from Diffen: http://www.diffen.com/difference
Andrew Tanenbaum. (2007). Distributed Systems. Upper Saddle Rive, NJ, USA: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Tony Sintes. (2002, 08 23). App server, Web server: What's the difference? Retrieved 11 18, 2011, from JavaWorld.com, 08/23/02: http://www.javaworld.com/javaqa/2002-08/01-qa-0823-appvswebserver.html?page=2
Security and the Internet & Distributed System By Kenneth A Brewer © 11/23/2011
Drawbacks and disadvantages inherent with distributed computing are somewhat disturbing to the system owner/admin.
Drawbacks to what is seemingly perfect by having a distributed system doing all the work, transferring data around the globe and back again. What could go wrong?
Lots if the system is not secure. Security is the number one vulnerability in anything that you want to keep out of prying hands. If the data is streamed on a dedicated line or pipe the transference of secure data across the state to the mainframe is vulnerable at many points along that pipe. Wi-Fi could be a dangerous entry point. Keeping the net-work closed with firewalls and passwords that change every month helps prevent loss.
New data and software installs designed primarily for a specific organization could place the system at a risk. It could evolve backdoors, key-loggers, virus, and spy-ware. So the administrators have to play a big part in the development of Organizational specific software.
Diagnostics, IT Admins, Managers, and Controllers, to aid in the defense of theft, maintenance, policy issues, IT personal and IT issues. Have to be in place. This all comes to a hefty cost to many organized establishments. Pending on the risk factors involved determines the amount of IT along with the amount of control is or will be needed to maintain the system.
Drawbacks to what is seemingly perfect by having a distributed system doing all the work, transferring data around the globe and back again. What could go wrong?
Lots if the system is not secure. Security is the number one vulnerability in anything that you want to keep out of prying hands. If the data is streamed on a dedicated line or pipe the transference of secure data across the state to the mainframe is vulnerable at many points along that pipe. Wi-Fi could be a dangerous entry point. Keeping the net-work closed with firewalls and passwords that change every month helps prevent loss.
New data and software installs designed primarily for a specific organization could place the system at a risk. It could evolve backdoors, key-loggers, virus, and spy-ware. So the administrators have to play a big part in the development of Organizational specific software.
Diagnostics, IT Admins, Managers, and Controllers, to aid in the defense of theft, maintenance, policy issues, IT personal and IT issues. Have to be in place. This all comes to a hefty cost to many organized establishments. Pending on the risk factors involved determines the amount of IT along with the amount of control is or will be needed to maintain the system.
Distributed Architecture within a Distributed System By Kenneth A Brewer © 11/28/2011
Information is essential to the accomplishment of government structural objectives. It’s acknowledged that reliability, integrity, and availability are significant concerns. The use of networks, principally the Internet, is modernizing the way governments’ conducts business, commerce of trade, industry and is proven essential for its future.
In the same manor factors that a system can be beneficial also pose detrimental threats when not properly controlled, and will be left to vulnerable attacks. The benefits of speed, reliability and, creative design have imposed unparalleled risks to government operations. Computer security has, in turn, become extremely important in all levels of government that operate information systems. The fraud factor along with, sabotage, and malicious intents, natural disasters and unintentional errors by official computer users can pose overwhelming concerns if information resources are not protected. Such exposure will pose significant risks to data systems, information, and to the critical operations of the infrastructures they support.
Security measures are necessary to avoid data tampering, deception, interferences in critical operations. The unknowing threats of the inappropriate disclosure of sensitive information from an innocent conversation between friends also add to the risk factor. The effective use of computer security becomes indispensable when reducing the risk of malicious attacks.
Policy is put into place to help safe guard form inside and outside threats. Government Accounting Office (GAO) or the Operation and Investigations (O&I teams) will evaluate and audit security policy’s, offer recommendations for the reduction of risk factors to an acceptable level. Provided in memorandums and handbooks The GAO has issued guidelines governing the policy’s used in Data Distribution Systems within the government.
My notes: If serious about Distributed IT Designs; there are a wealth of Government guidelines for the security and the development of sophisticated systems both at the Library and online. K.B.
Works Cited
GAO, N. &. (2001). Management Planning Guide for Information System Security Auditing. Washington DC: GAO, NSAA.
In the same manor factors that a system can be beneficial also pose detrimental threats when not properly controlled, and will be left to vulnerable attacks. The benefits of speed, reliability and, creative design have imposed unparalleled risks to government operations. Computer security has, in turn, become extremely important in all levels of government that operate information systems. The fraud factor along with, sabotage, and malicious intents, natural disasters and unintentional errors by official computer users can pose overwhelming concerns if information resources are not protected. Such exposure will pose significant risks to data systems, information, and to the critical operations of the infrastructures they support.
Security measures are necessary to avoid data tampering, deception, interferences in critical operations. The unknowing threats of the inappropriate disclosure of sensitive information from an innocent conversation between friends also add to the risk factor. The effective use of computer security becomes indispensable when reducing the risk of malicious attacks.
Policy is put into place to help safe guard form inside and outside threats. Government Accounting Office (GAO) or the Operation and Investigations (O&I teams) will evaluate and audit security policy’s, offer recommendations for the reduction of risk factors to an acceptable level. Provided in memorandums and handbooks The GAO has issued guidelines governing the policy’s used in Data Distribution Systems within the government.
My notes: If serious about Distributed IT Designs; there are a wealth of Government guidelines for the security and the development of sophisticated systems both at the Library and online. K.B.
Works Cited
GAO, N. &. (2001). Management Planning Guide for Information System Security Auditing. Washington DC: GAO, NSAA.
Title Distributed Design By Kenneth A Brewer © 11/11/2011
Attributes:
Present a 2-3 page presentation of some key features of what should be found within a distributed computing configuration to the Washington DC Consulting team.
The premise of an IT distributed design is to implement a logical organization through automation and process. The design must allow Value, Responsibility, and Growth potentials along with experience in design development deployment and service.
Proper architecture pattern design is among the key features in development of any distributed computing design. The rapid success by its nature, sophisticated systems have grown from independent creativity of applications to Internet-connected networks of numerous network types and managed services, now known as the cloud.
The creation of successful distributed systems will involve how the architecture design would address its accountings within the design its development; how it will be maintained, supported, and governed.
Sophisticated distributed systems will involve these capabilities.
Implementation of applications and or services.
The physical applications will include Communications equipment and wiring Computers, laptops, and similar devices along with backups and archives of sensitive data such as personnel and legal records
Use of services from within as well as external.
Passwords, configuration utilities, confidentiality, and data integrity.
Management of services including risk management
Unauthorized deletion or modification Unauthorized disclosure of information
Database penetration from Hackers, Malware, Trojans, Viruses, and Worms.
Bugs in software Apps
Physical normality’s; floods, earthquakes and human interventions.
Organizations will manage applying methods, patterns, and technologies to model systems which enable proper control.
The scalability is important to any system. Expandability should be incorporated into the design as well. The Government and Companies will not stay the same size; they expand and shrink at any given notice.
Adopting a design is a daunting tasks within tis self. It is important to adopt the working patterns of the environment to which it will be deployed. The architecture will include Key Architectural Styling; Layered, Object-based, Data-centered, and Event-based architectures. (Andrew Tanenbaum, 2007)
Distribution systems consist of internal components such as computers. Computers that can distribute information within the confines of a facility, commonly manufacture, business office, Colleges or Government Campuses. It will consist of a collection of independently working computers which characterization will represent a single functioning operating system. One trunk with many branches many roots all functioning to support the trunk. The distribution system therefore would be classified and named “Tree”.
The importance or characterization function of any system would show a collaboration known as a relationship between more than one computer including a server and autonomous devices. Devices sometimes called nodes are inline servers making up an array of sensor networks within the main works of the system. Still a mainframe of the system will make up the concentration center of any network. The usefulness of nodes within the network will take care of localized information traffic help distribute the work load thus supporting the mainframe relieving it from over tasking.
Here is an example: Large corporate companies and the Government will have one or two sites that will support a mainframe. The nodes would be at local sites supporting within that site. A distribution Pipe line as we call it will send information to the main site where IT and it support teams is located. Information can be sent with constancy or updated on a time schedule. This frees up the mainframe from being over tasked and any given moment allowing the steady controlled digestion rate of information to be handled.
Naturally the importance of security cost and monitoring of a system must be considered in its development focusing on numerous aspects that can be followed in order to protect Government proprietary policies.
Firstly taking a look at the assets and level of protection needed evaluating the risk to each asset. Then taking a look at the cost evaluation verses the level of need to protect against threats.
Keep in mind protection is present when human intervention is observed policy is up held. There are too many time is information is lost when a PC is left unattended or on lookers observe what they shouldn’t have.
Generalizing in a key focus important issues, is the exploring the possibilities of compromise, which is called risk assessment. Risk management may include devising the plan, implementing policy and deployment to include deployment planning and most of all training and following up with scheduled training.
A conclusion with thought; A distribution system can work over an Intranet, L A N, W A N, local and world over incorporating application layers; User-interface, processing, and data handling. They are capable of being both centralized, and global. Information must be easily read, stored, managed and shared. (Andrew Tanenbaum, 2007) They must be empowered to change, share and be controlled. Attributes must include well maintained balance connectivity with complexity and dissimilar networks systems and devices throughout a managed controlled automation.
Bibliography
Microsoft Support, Revision: 5.4. (2006, Febuary 4). (Microsoft, Producer, & Microsoft ) Retrieved July 4 , 2011, from Microsoft Support: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/230125
Internet Protocol Suite. (2011). Retrieved April 16, 2011, from Answers.com: http://www.answers.com/topic/tcp-ip#ixzz1K11MBYWB
Andrew Tanenbaum, M. V. (2007). Distributed Systems. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Benson, C. (2011). Best Practices for Enterprise Security . (G. Berg, Editor, I. C. Ltd, Producer, & Microsoft ) Retrieved 11 09, 2011, from MS Tech Net: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc723503.aspx
Erbschloe, M. (NOV-2004). Physical Security for IT. In M. Erbschloe, Physical Security for IT. Washington, DC: DIGITAL PRESS.
Present a 2-3 page presentation of some key features of what should be found within a distributed computing configuration to the Washington DC Consulting team.
The premise of an IT distributed design is to implement a logical organization through automation and process. The design must allow Value, Responsibility, and Growth potentials along with experience in design development deployment and service.
Proper architecture pattern design is among the key features in development of any distributed computing design. The rapid success by its nature, sophisticated systems have grown from independent creativity of applications to Internet-connected networks of numerous network types and managed services, now known as the cloud.
The creation of successful distributed systems will involve how the architecture design would address its accountings within the design its development; how it will be maintained, supported, and governed.
Sophisticated distributed systems will involve these capabilities.
Implementation of applications and or services.
The physical applications will include Communications equipment and wiring Computers, laptops, and similar devices along with backups and archives of sensitive data such as personnel and legal records
Use of services from within as well as external.
Passwords, configuration utilities, confidentiality, and data integrity.
Management of services including risk management
Unauthorized deletion or modification Unauthorized disclosure of information
Database penetration from Hackers, Malware, Trojans, Viruses, and Worms.
Bugs in software Apps
Physical normality’s; floods, earthquakes and human interventions.
Organizations will manage applying methods, patterns, and technologies to model systems which enable proper control.
The scalability is important to any system. Expandability should be incorporated into the design as well. The Government and Companies will not stay the same size; they expand and shrink at any given notice.
Adopting a design is a daunting tasks within tis self. It is important to adopt the working patterns of the environment to which it will be deployed. The architecture will include Key Architectural Styling; Layered, Object-based, Data-centered, and Event-based architectures. (Andrew Tanenbaum, 2007)
Distribution systems consist of internal components such as computers. Computers that can distribute information within the confines of a facility, commonly manufacture, business office, Colleges or Government Campuses. It will consist of a collection of independently working computers which characterization will represent a single functioning operating system. One trunk with many branches many roots all functioning to support the trunk. The distribution system therefore would be classified and named “Tree”.
The importance or characterization function of any system would show a collaboration known as a relationship between more than one computer including a server and autonomous devices. Devices sometimes called nodes are inline servers making up an array of sensor networks within the main works of the system. Still a mainframe of the system will make up the concentration center of any network. The usefulness of nodes within the network will take care of localized information traffic help distribute the work load thus supporting the mainframe relieving it from over tasking.
Here is an example: Large corporate companies and the Government will have one or two sites that will support a mainframe. The nodes would be at local sites supporting within that site. A distribution Pipe line as we call it will send information to the main site where IT and it support teams is located. Information can be sent with constancy or updated on a time schedule. This frees up the mainframe from being over tasked and any given moment allowing the steady controlled digestion rate of information to be handled.
Naturally the importance of security cost and monitoring of a system must be considered in its development focusing on numerous aspects that can be followed in order to protect Government proprietary policies.
Firstly taking a look at the assets and level of protection needed evaluating the risk to each asset. Then taking a look at the cost evaluation verses the level of need to protect against threats.
Keep in mind protection is present when human intervention is observed policy is up held. There are too many time is information is lost when a PC is left unattended or on lookers observe what they shouldn’t have.
Generalizing in a key focus important issues, is the exploring the possibilities of compromise, which is called risk assessment. Risk management may include devising the plan, implementing policy and deployment to include deployment planning and most of all training and following up with scheduled training.
A conclusion with thought; A distribution system can work over an Intranet, L A N, W A N, local and world over incorporating application layers; User-interface, processing, and data handling. They are capable of being both centralized, and global. Information must be easily read, stored, managed and shared. (Andrew Tanenbaum, 2007) They must be empowered to change, share and be controlled. Attributes must include well maintained balance connectivity with complexity and dissimilar networks systems and devices throughout a managed controlled automation.
Bibliography
Microsoft Support, Revision: 5.4. (2006, Febuary 4). (Microsoft, Producer, & Microsoft ) Retrieved July 4 , 2011, from Microsoft Support: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/230125
Internet Protocol Suite. (2011). Retrieved April 16, 2011, from Answers.com: http://www.answers.com/topic/tcp-ip#ixzz1K11MBYWB
Andrew Tanenbaum, M. V. (2007). Distributed Systems. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Benson, C. (2011). Best Practices for Enterprise Security . (G. Berg, Editor, I. C. Ltd, Producer, & Microsoft ) Retrieved 11 09, 2011, from MS Tech Net: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc723503.aspx
Erbschloe, M. (NOV-2004). Physical Security for IT. In M. Erbschloe, Physical Security for IT. Washington, DC: DIGITAL PRESS.
Friday, July 22, 2011
Gigabit Routers
I posted last month about an interesting discovery. I installed a 10g system in a bank setting with the thoughts of quicker response and data flow.
To update the title of my 10 g system I installed in my home. I have to retract the 10g it was an error in my typing skills. It is not 10g it is a 1g system I installed in my home.
I also failed to mention that if your internet provider does not offer the gigabit bandwidth in your area. You might find that they will update there equipment from time to time. Here in my area Sudden Link made a Data and Equipment Merger. Such a mess it caused switching over from outdated slow equipment in both there cable vision and the internet adding more reliable means for the customer to add bundles to their service. Offering automatic upgrade in internet bandwidth like 8 Megs/s to 10Meg/s at no extra charge. This will deliver a more reliable steady stream of information sent to and from your home entertainment and computer devices. With that in mind an investment at the distribution point in our City has to be costly. So the down side is the constant degrading of old wire fed neighborhoods will have to wait for the fiber-optics upgrade that brings us more reliable higher speeds, like the 1 and 10 G service that makes our mouths water. Gamer's you'll still have to wait.
Last weekends switch over left a few disgruntled customers including myself. No internet left me powerless to get any work done. The techs could not get my M T A router to preform as it should. It was getting the information sent yet failed to distribute it past the Ethernet port on the rear of the router. A replacement Router remedied the fault. Now that I have a faster service running over old coax wire along with the more than a capable LAN I installed in my home office and home is working out nicely now. I have a whopping 10Megs feeding my home network. It is not much I know, when you look at my network in comparison to what I can be using. Our area will not support at this time anything over 50 Megs of bandwidth.
I am not an avid Gamer so my needs are not demanding like the Gamer.
I can however stream two movies and run the computer at the same time without or minimum slow downs and stops when streaming now. Yes I tested it, out of concern.
As time moves forward I believe that the new cable company will change and upgrade the old 5 coax cable to a 6. If they use the good stuff like all copper or copper core and aluminum braid. I did see some copper clad stuff, that wont fly for long before they start having trouble with unprotected weather boots over the ends of the cable termination or union.
To update the title of my 10 g system I installed in my home. I have to retract the 10g it was an error in my typing skills. It is not 10g it is a 1g system I installed in my home.
I also failed to mention that if your internet provider does not offer the gigabit bandwidth in your area. You might find that they will update there equipment from time to time. Here in my area Sudden Link made a Data and Equipment Merger. Such a mess it caused switching over from outdated slow equipment in both there cable vision and the internet adding more reliable means for the customer to add bundles to their service. Offering automatic upgrade in internet bandwidth like 8 Megs/s to 10Meg/s at no extra charge. This will deliver a more reliable steady stream of information sent to and from your home entertainment and computer devices. With that in mind an investment at the distribution point in our City has to be costly. So the down side is the constant degrading of old wire fed neighborhoods will have to wait for the fiber-optics upgrade that brings us more reliable higher speeds, like the 1 and 10 G service that makes our mouths water. Gamer's you'll still have to wait.
Last weekends switch over left a few disgruntled customers including myself. No internet left me powerless to get any work done. The techs could not get my M T A router to preform as it should. It was getting the information sent yet failed to distribute it past the Ethernet port on the rear of the router. A replacement Router remedied the fault. Now that I have a faster service running over old coax wire along with the more than a capable LAN I installed in my home office and home is working out nicely now. I have a whopping 10Megs feeding my home network. It is not much I know, when you look at my network in comparison to what I can be using. Our area will not support at this time anything over 50 Megs of bandwidth.
I am not an avid Gamer so my needs are not demanding like the Gamer.
I can however stream two movies and run the computer at the same time without or minimum slow downs and stops when streaming now. Yes I tested it, out of concern.
As time moves forward I believe that the new cable company will change and upgrade the old 5 coax cable to a 6. If they use the good stuff like all copper or copper core and aluminum braid. I did see some copper clad stuff, that wont fly for long before they start having trouble with unprotected weather boots over the ends of the cable termination or union.
Wednesday, July 20, 2011
Cyber-Attacks, "Who's the Target"?
Ken Brewer © July 12, 2011
Many international terrorist groups now actively use computers and the Internet to communicate, and several may use technical skills to direct and coordinated attack s against computers in or homeland or elsewhere in the world. Cyber-attacks intended to harm the economy would likely target computers that operate the civilian aspects of the finical network and or critical infrastructure of government agencies.
How would a well-coordinated cyber-attack against the U.S.’s critical infrastructure be harmful? Would infecting computers operated by and in the civilian critical infrastructure actually offer an effective target terrorist’ goals?
There are three methods for computer attack physical, electronic and cyber. “Some feel that past discussions about a coordinated attack against civilian computers may have been over-inflated that perceived risk to the U.S. critical infrastructure, and several experts have stated that cyber-terrorism does not pose the same type of threat as Nuclear, Biological, or Chemical (NBC) threats”. (Clark, 2003)
Different attack methods target different vulnerabilities and involve different types of weapons. To further discuss a computer attack, and may be defined as actions directed against computer systems is to disrupt equipment operations, control, and corrupt stored data.
A physical attack may come in many forms, however basically different vulnerabilities involve different types of weapons. A physical attack involves conventional weapons directed against a computer facility or its transmission infrastructure.
The DOD argues that a physical attack is unlikely do to the fact in its physical nature. Facilities that would be damaged would suffer to some degree; the long-lasting effect would be limited to such a measure and would be temporary out of commission until reestablishment.
EMP’s electromagnetic pulse device could be considered as a type of physical attack. The EMP is a device that would be more permanent with longer lasting effects. The power overload emitted from a device can put a civilian company or government facility out of order for days, months, or longer, however the stored data will be deleted and unrecoverable.
Cyber-hits, attacks are most common and lay in for an attack against a larger scaled target. Targets may include a local intra-structure of a closed network or as large as worldwide, using the computer to attack itself with an encrypted virus for example.
Reading this you may see a pattern. Physical deployment methods are used at the beginning of each of these attacks. It took a physical action involving someone with enough development in one or more technical advancements to create and deploy acts of terror and mayhem.
Physical attacks come from within the confines of a facility. Disgruntled workers, friends, relatives and neighbors connected with a government or civilian facility. Temporary effects as it may seem the physical attacks in nature pose a threat to the environment that surrounds the target. Collateral damage comes in forms like bystanders being in the wrong place at the wrong time along with the loss of revenue, cost to rebuilding, data recovery, people and nature in some cases. Physical attacks happen when a facility needs be shut down for a purpose at a specified time, for a specified reason. The extra that comes with it is cause and effect.
September 11, 2001 is an example of such an event that devastated thousand, and thousands more that were related to the causalities. America is an example to the world. Nations look to the US as a Big Brother. Others feel threatened by this. Combating threats weather they are physical, electronic or cyber in one way or another will always be in nature an avenue for attacks. Welcome to the World of the Tech!
Reference |
Clark, D. (2003, June 3). Computer Security Officials Discount Chances of ‘Digital Pearl Harbor. Retrieved July 12, 2011 , from http://www.GovExec.com
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